Born from the ashes of World War II, the modern free-trade system was a promise of global prosperity and stability. It kept its promise for decades, shaping the global economy by connecting supply chains, opening up markets, and bringing nations closer together.

But today, this system is under immense pressure. Protectionism is on the rise, geopolitical alliances are shifting, and tariffs are once again a key player in international trade. As companies navigate this new, unpredictable reality, they have no choice but to rely only on an old set of international tax rules designed for a previous world, and must use them intelligently to operate effectively in this evolved landscape.